Mailam

Mailam is located fifteen kilometres from Tindivanam and thirty from Pondicherry. The temple, situated on a small hill, is connected with a village on the Coromandel coast, Bomayapalaiyam, very near Pondicherry, where a Vera Saiva mutt is found. According to the name, bomma or bomme, derived from brāhmana. This was a village donated to Brahmans, as is confirmed by the sthala purāna.in which Bomayapalaiyam is also named Brahmapuram.
The legend of this kshetra begins with the end of Surapadma’s atrocious rule and his tearful appeal to Lord to accept him as his mount. According to sthalapurana, Surapadma, though fought against Muruga with all his might combining the tactile of asuramayopaya, was routed in the end. When he was about be slain, he appealed to the Lord to accept him as his vechicle, and he would serve him with fidelity.

Moved by the tearful appeals, the Lord ordered him to do meditation with great steadfastness taking the shape of peacock on the bank of Varaha near Mailamalai. Nodding, he continued his appeal to the Lord to dwell for ever on the same hill. It was granted. Thus came into existence this Mailamalai and the place called Mailam, for short. The temple atop the hill was built by Pommayapuram, Mathadhipathi on a scale grand and maintenance commendable. The Mutt established at the foot of the hill is attending to the temple administration in an exemplary manner providing conveniences to the visiting public.

Karur

 
One of the ancient cities in Tamil Nadu, Karur was ruled by the Cheras, Cholas, the Naickers, and the British successively. There is proof that Karur may have been the centre for old jewellery-making and gem setting (with the gold imported mainly from Rome), as seen from various excavations. According to the Hindu mythology, Brahma began the work of creation here, which is referred to as the "place of the sacred cow."

Karur has a very long history and has been sung by various sangam poets. In history, it has been the battleground of various Tamil Kings like Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallavas because of strategic location. The district has a very rich and varied cultural heritage.
Karuvoor Thevar born in Karur is one among the nine devotees who sung the divine Music Thiruvichaippa, which is the ninth Thirumurai. He is the single largest composer among the nine authors of Thiruvichaippa. He lived during the reign of the great Raja Raja Chola-I. In addition to the famous Siva temple, there is a Vishnu temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu, a suburb of Karur, sung by famous Kulasekara Alwar [7-8th century AD] who was the ruler of Kongu nadu. The same temple is presumably mentioned in epic Silappadikaram as Adaha maadam Ranganathar whose blessings Cheran Senguttuvan sought before his north Indian expedition.

Karur is one of the oldest towns in Tamil Nadu and has played a very significant role in the history and culture of the Tamils. Its history dates back over 2000 years, and has been a flourishing trading centre even in the early Sangam days. Epigraphical, numismatic, archaeological and literary evidences have proved beyond doubt that Karur was the capital of early Chera kings of Sangam age. It was called Karuvoor or Vanji during Sangam days. There has been a plethora of rare findings during the archaeological excavations undertaken in Karur. These include mat-designed pottery, bricks, mud-toys, Roman coins, Chera Coins, Pallava Coins, Roman Amphorae, Rasset coated ware, rare rings etc. Karur was built on the banks of river Amaravathi which was called Aanporunai during the Sangam days. The names of the early Chera kings who ruled from Karur, have been found in the rock inscriptions in Aru Nattar Malai close to Karur. The Tamil epic Silapathikaram mentions that the famous Chera King Cheran Senguttuvan ruled from Karur. In 150 Greek scholars Ptolemy mentioned “Korevora” (Karur) as a very famous inland trading centre in Tamil Nadu. After the early Cheras, Karur was conquered and ruled by Pandyas followed by Pallavas and later Cholas. Karur was under the rule of Cholas for a long time. Later the Naickers followed by Tipu Sultan also ruled Karur. The British added Karur to their possessions after destroying the Karur Fort during their war against Tipu Sultan in 1783. There is a memorial at Rayanur near Karur for the warriors who lost their lives in the fight against the British in the Anglo-Mysore wars. Thereafter Karur became part of British India and was first part of Coimbatore District and later Tiruchirappalli District.

Karur is also a part of Kongunadu. The history of Kongunadu dates back to the 8th century. The name Kongunadu originated from the term "Kongu", meaning nectar or honey. Kongu came to be called as Kongunadu with the growth of civilization. The ancient Kongunadu country was made up of various districts and taluks which are currently known as Palani, Dharapuram, Karur, Nammakkal, Thiruchengodu, Erode, Salem, Dharmapuri, Satyamangalam, Nilgiris, Avinashi, Coimbatore, Pollachi and Udumalpet. Kongunadu was blessed with enormous wealth, a pleasant climate and distinct features. Kongunadu was ruled over by the Chera, Chola, Pandya, Hoysala, Muslim rulers and finally the British.

Palayamkottai

"If the boundary of the town is made with stone, it will not be of aesthetic beauty and   therefore boundary is fenced with paddy field" , says a Tamil Poet about Tiru-nel-veli.  The town has been surrounded on all sides by paddy fields.  As such the town was called as 'Nelveli' i.e., Paddy-Hedge.  Since the temple in the town is dedicated to Lord 'Siva', the town around the temple was called Tiru-nel-veli.  Around 1560, the town was rebuilt by Viswanatha, the founder of Nayak dynasty who also erected many temples in it.  Tirunelveli was the earliest Pandiya's Capital.  The Nayaks ruled Tirunelveli from Madurai during the 16th, 17th and early years of 18th Century.          Tirunelveli is situated on the west bank of Thamiraparani River and Palayamkottai on the east bank.  Palayamkottai, being the administrative head quarters with the establishment of educational  institutions and of various industries, public and semi public offices, exhibits a remarkable development.  Palayamkottai was fortified under the native rulers and its defenses were intact at the time when it was passed into the hands of the British. It subsequently followed the base of their operations during the poliger wars.  The fort was dismantled till the garrison of one or more native regiments which had been stationed here ever since the British occupation in this place was finally withdrawn.

  The little city also has a Government Museum with a huge and realistic fibreglass Tyrannosaurus rex which is very popular among the young people of Palayamkottai. The museum houses a small collection of ancient artifacts found in the areas surrounding the city. Some of its literary collections include ancient Tamil inscriptions in palm leaves. Although the museum is well known locally, it is rarely crowded and somewhat badly maintained.

Palayamkottai also has one of the most popular Science Centres in South India, a satellite unit of Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum, Bangalore. Since the Science Centre lies between Palayamkottai and Tirunelveli (the twin cities) and as it is difficult to mark a border between the two, it is often called as the Tirunelveli District Science Centre (by the district's name). It is a popular hangout area for young people, and is frequently visited by teams of school students to explore and learn the principles of science through the centre's interesting outdoor equipment and experiments.

In the outskirts of Palayamkottai near Krishnapuram on the Tirunelveli-Tiruchendur State Highway, one of the premier research organizations of the country, the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG), whose Headquarters is at Navi Mumbai, operates its regional centre, the Equatorial Geophysical Research Laboratory (EGRL). IIG is fully supported and funded by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India and functions as an autonomous research institute. The equatorial observatory of IIG located near Tirunelveli pursues state-of-the-art research in the areas of geomagnetism and atmospheric and space sciences with well-equipped library and excellent infrastructure for research. With its state-of-the-art instruments, the centre finds a prominent place in the global networks of geomagnetic observatories and atmospheric radars.

Vandavasi

Vandavasi was the scene of a decisive battle in the eighteenth-century war between France and the United Kingdom for the control of South Asia. The Battle of Wandiwash was a watershed in Indian history as it cemented British supremacy in South Asia. On January 22, 1760, a British force led by Eyre Coote defeated a French force led by General Lally.
Vandavasi fort would have been a famous tourist spot but for its negligence by the authorities. It witnessed the decisive Battle of Wandiwash, it even said to have an underground passage to gingee fort. There are more number of temples in and around Vandavasi


 Sacred Heart Church is more than 100 years old and the christians of this place have a good concern for the other religions people. There are 3 schools around the campus educating many of the poor people.
 Kamatchi Amman Temple (with Asta Buga Kalabairavar, Nava Gragas with their wifes & etc)AdhiRanganatha Swamy temple Jalakandaeshwara temple

Those three temples are as old as 500 years. Among these Kamatchi Amman temple was rebuilt by a team of members along with public on 14 July 2008. Reconstruction works of Jalakandeshwarar & Adhi Ranganatha Swamy temples are going on.

Panduranga temple at Thennangur
Sreenivasa perumal temple at Navalpakkam
Narasimmar temple at Sogathoor
fort temple at Wandiwash
Kilsathamangalam Village British used Toppu (beerangi)
sri Nethaghi Kumaran Kundru(Balamurugan), Embalam . (12km From Vandavasi)

Jain temples as old 1400 years are found in the villages near by.

Kilsathamangalam Village Jain temple
Birudur Village Jain temple
Ponnurmalai Jain Temple, around 10km from Vandavasi

The famous Athiparasakthi Temple (Melmaruvathur) is located South-West of Vandavasi (28 K.M.)

Kilakarai

Kilakarai (“the shore down under”) is a remote and lazy little town in Ramanathapuram district, not far from the district headquarters of the same name. It was once a flourishing sea port and a gateway to South India for Arab traders in search of the famed pearls of Madurai and corals of the Gulf Mannar. They traded with Sri Lanka, dealing in pearls, gems and conches. Even today, the descendants of the Yemeni traders live in Ramanathapuram district and Sri Lanka, and do business between India and the island.

Kilakarai is surrounded by small islands or theevu – Appa theevu, Nallathanni theevu, Shuli theevu, Upputhanni theevu, Thalari theevu, Musal theevu, and of course, the famous Kachcha theevu – and lovely little bays that could be a swimmer’s paradise. It was visited by the Arab traveller Ibn Batuta in 1368-69 CE who called it “Lebbat Pattan” (“town of Muslims”: Labbai means Tamil Muslim and pattan is a corruption of patnam or pattinam meaning town.) He noted that “it is the place where most Arab settlers live” and he was surprised to see them living “as in Arab land”.
It was by chance that I remembered Kilakarai.I was on my way to Rameshwaram when I remembered my father telling me, aeons ago, about Tamil Arabs and a mosque which looked like a temple at Kilakarai. Tamil Arabs and a mosque- temple? I had to see this.
I reached Kilakarai on a hot sunny afternoon. Everyone knew the Palaiya Jumma Masjid or pallivaasal (mosque), so it was not difficult to find. There were lots of Tamil Muslims, who form nearly 80% of the local population, around: men wearing white veshtis, shirts and black topis and women in saris, with a white cloth thrown over their head. They were the Muslims of my youth, before the ugly black burkha made its appearance. A warm Abdul Khader Bhai, the caretaker, was very welcoming and a font of information. The Muslims of Kilakarai look like Tamils and speak Tamil, so communication was no problem.

he Old Jumma Masjid (also called Meen Kada Palli) was constructed by Yemeni merchants and traders of the pre-Islamic period who had settled in the kingdom of the Pandyas of Madurai. The story goes that Badhan ibn Sasan, Persian Governor of Yemen during the reign of Khoshrau II, was ordered by his ruler to send men to Madina in 625 CE to bring the future Prophet Mohammed
to Khosrau II. Badhan sent two men for this task who demanded that Mohammed should come with them. Muhammad refused, and prophesied that Khoshrau II had been overthrown and murdered by his son Kavadh II. The two men returned to Badhan with this information. When it proved to be true, Badhan converted to Islam and sent a message to Muhammad, informing him of his conversion, after which Mohammad allowed Badhan to continue ruling over Yemen. The two men, and Persians and Arabs living in Yemen and outside Yemen were ordered by Badhan to convert to Islam, which they did in 628. This included the Arab traders from Yemen who had settled in Kilakarai.
There were two foreigners with me and their first reaction on seeing the mosque was
an Oh! No! Not another Qutb Minar, where a temple was defaced and converted into a mosque. On closer view, we realized that the carvings were integral to the mosque, and there begins the story.
Chola mosques resemble Chola temples – a small chamber replaces the garba griha, with a pillared mandapa and beautifully carved pillars in front. Only images of gods, people and animals are missing, for these are taboo in Islam. The Kilakarai mosque has all these features, although, as a woman, I was not permitted to enter. I stood on my toes and peeped from outside, while my driver walked in and gave me a running commentary about what he could see. In the 11th century, the mosque was rebuilt, and again in the 17^th century by a workforce and materials provided by the erstwhile ruler of Ramnad and some by the Kilakarai merchants. However, the mosque still looks like a stone temple both outside and inside, without images carved on the pillars or walls. The lone carving on the wall, like all mosques, identifies the direction of prayer, which is the only indication that it is a mosque.
This exquisite pallivasal resembles a Dravida-style temple. The beams are beautifully carved, while a bend in the wall indicates
the direction of prayer. This beautiful building is one of the best examples of Islamic Dravidian architecture of ancient India. 
Which is the oldest mosque in India? The Palaiya Jumma Masjid beats the Cheraman Jumma Masjid in Kodungallur, Thrissur district, Kerala, by one year.
It was built in 628 CE, while the Kodungallur mosque was built in 629 CE by Malik lbn Dinar. Bazan Ibn Sasan, Tamim Ibn Zayd al Ansari, Ibn Batuta, Nagoor Abdul Kadir, Eravadi Ibrahim Sahib, the Sultan of Ottoman, Murad and other famous Islamic scholars have recorded their visits to the Kilakarai mosque. It is also the fourth oldest mosque in the world.

Vallal Seethakathi is buried at Kilakarai, in a modern colonial monument. He encouraged Umaru Pulavar, a Tamil Muslim, to write the Seerapuranam,
a history of Nabi (Prophet) Mohammed, in 5,027 poems in three kaandams (parts). Beside the mosque is the dargah of Sadakatullah Appa, a Muslim trader-benefactor.
I listened to a group of Muslims from Kerala singing bhajans of sorts about Sadakatullah. I asked Abdul Khader Bhai whether it was a Shia mosque and he quickly corrected to tell me that it was Sunni.
With the growth of Madras and Tuticorin harbours and the cultured pearl industry, this little port ceased to be and returned to its
pre-Arab slumber. The cultured pearl industry choked the once robust pearl trade or muthu salabam. The conch and coral industries declined too, as environmental concerns and excessive coral withdrawals restricted this activity. With the advent of surface transport, Kilakarai ceased to be a harbour and port.

Sivakasi

King Harikesari Parakkiramma Pandian, the king of Tenkasi between 1428 and 1460, wanted to construct a temple for Lord Siva at Tenkasi. He went to Benaras (Kasi) and worshipped the Lord and brought a Sivalingam from there. While returning from Benaras to Tenkasi with Sivalingam the King and his army were too tired and they decided to take rest under the "Vilva" trees (now the Sivan Kovil). They spent a night over there.

In the early morning the King got up and made preparations for his journey. But the Cow which carried the Sivalingam refused to move from that place. The Queen also attained her puberty. On the account of various incidents, the King placed the Sivalingam where he rested and built a small Temple at that place itself and performed Poojas.
Accordingly, the Sivalingam was enshrined in the month of Vaikasi at Rohini Star and worshipped the Sivalingam. Normally Temple will be dedicated for a town, but to a great dismay after the advent of the temple this town was formed around this temple and hence the town was named as Sivakasi.

In 1559, the King of Madurai Thirumalai Naicker send his younger brother Muthu Veerappa Naicker to Sivakasi as the Regirdhar (Governor). he came to Sivakasi and realised the worth of Lord Siva. He build the Sivan Kovil and all facilities and Sculptures. The forest around the temple was made into a living place.
By the above history the town got the name SIVAKASI
(i.e., SIVAlinga brought from KASI)

Till 1920 this town was in the status of Union Panchayat in G.O.No:779 dated 14-6-1920. Govt. have constituted the Sivakasi Town Panchayat as a Municipality with effect from 1-10-1920, then the Govt. appointed Revenue Divisional Officer Sri.T.S. Ramasamy, B.A.B.L., as an Ex. Officio Chairman of the Council consisting of 12 members nominated by Govt. This Nominated body was continued up to 1923-24.

From the year 1924-25 the council was represented by the elected body of the people and Thiru P.S. Ramasamy Nadar was the first elected Chairman of the Municipal Council of Sivakasi. At that time, this town was divided into 12 wards and 16 councillors. Later the Strength was increased to 24 and revising the town into 22 electoral wards with 2 reserved seats one for Schedule Caste and the other for women. The strength of the Council was further revised as 30 and the wards have been revised as 28. The Municipality attained the status of 2nd graded Municipality from 28-9-1971 and as 1st grade from 1-10-1978. The area of the Municipality at the time of constitution was 227 acres.

Now Sivakasi is a Municipal town which is situated in Virudhunagar district of Tamilnadu state is in South India. Sivakasi is at +106.07 meter above sea level. This town is located at 9.28 North latitude and 77.48 East longitude. This town is about 6.89 sq. kilometers.

With the grace and mercy of Lord Siva the city became popular for its renowned products like Matches, Fireworks and Printing

The specialty of Sivakasi is although it is having all these Industries none of the raw materials is available in Sivakasi.
Normally a Industrial city is planned only with the raw material available in that area. But in Sivakasi the veneers and splints for the Match Industry are brought from Kerala and Andaman. The paper for Printing Industry is brought from many places from India and abroad. Similarly the Chemicals and Board used for Fireworks Industry. The people in sivakasi are only having the will to work and the desire to succeed in whatever the task they have taken up. Apart from Industry an example is the huge Rajakoopuram constructed at the Patrakailamman Shrine in the recent past. In the People in India think about this for a while and act accordingly each and every place of India will become not a Mini Japan but a Maxi Japan

Gingee

Gingee under the rule of Vijayanagar Kings :- (1400 A.D)

From the survey of books that were present during Vijayanagar period, we come to know that Gingee was under the authority of Kopnnarayer during the 14th Century A.D.

Historians hold the opinion that Kopannarayr, one of the Generals of Vijayanagar empire helped Kampannarayan, with a large army. In return, Kampannarayan handed Gingee over to Kopannarayer.

Gingee under the Nayakka rulers : - (From the end of 14th century A.D. for 150 years)

During the peak of Krishna Deva Raya's power (1509 A.D. - 1529 A.D.) he ordered, Krisnappa Nayyaka to rule a region with Gingee as its capital. He and his successors ruled for about 150 years having capital at Gingee.

The Nayyaka rulers, build tall and strong fort walls with granite, tall towers with sculptural workmanship granite temples on the plains and brick shrines on the peak. This architecture is similar to that architecture in "Hampi"

Under the rule of Muhammaadans:-(1649 A.D. - 1677 A.D)

There was no unity among the Nayakas of Gingee, Tanjore and Madurai. There where frequent skirmishes among them.

Taking advantage of this situation, the Bijapur Sultans, who belong to the Muhammadans dynasty, invaded Gingee at the beginning of the 16th Century A.D. and captured it. After this the army general of "Golgonda" , "Mirjeeva" defeated Krishnappa Nayyaka and handed Gingee over the king of Bijapur.

Gingee under the Marathas:- (1677 A.D. - 1697 A.D)

After the fall of the Muhammadans rule at the end of the 17th century, Chattrapathi Shivaji, a scion in the annuls of History wrested Gingee from the Muhammadans. Then he asked his brother " Sambaji" to rule Gingee in 1690 A.D. afterwards it was handed over to Rajaram in 1697 A.D.

Gingee, under the rule of the Mughals:- (1700 A.D-1750 A.D)

The Mughal General Zulfigar Khan (1697 A.D. - 1698 A.D.) captured Gingee fort after a tough fight against the Marathas.

Zulfigar Khan, then handed over the rule to Swaroop singh who was the army head at Bundalakand in 1700 A.D. on conditions that he had to collect tax under the supervision of Sad-ad-ullah khan of Carnatic.

After the death of Swaroop, his son Desingh Raja came to the throne. He hated to be a slave to the Mugal rulers and refused to pay the tax to the Nawab. So a war took place between Sad-ad-ullah khan and Desingh Raja. At the end of the war, Desingh Raja by killing himself made a supreme sacrifice to avoid being a prisioner in the hands of Mogul rulers. Historians say that though Desingh Raja ruled for short period, he deeply engraved his marks in the history of Gingee. His wife also throwing herself into fire committed suicide to safeguard her chastity which is considered as highly holy.

After the death of Desingh Raja, Sad-ad-Ullah khan conquered Gingee in 1714 A.D. and ruled till 1750 A.D. for about 36 years.

Gingee under the rule of the Foreigners :- (1750 A.D)

French people who came to India, for the purpose of trade and commerce, attacked Gingee under the command of "Puli" and his troops, captured Gingee and kept Gingee under their control for about ten years. During this period French People annexed Vandavasi in 1760 A.D. and Pondicherry in 1761 A.D. Then the Britishers under the command of General "Coot" attacked the French Army on April, 1761 A.D. by winning the war, they brought Gingee under the control of the British Captain 'Stephen Smith'.

After this time. the General of Mysore, Hyder Ali became the king in 1761 A.D. A.D. As Hyder Ali did not like the British rule in India, he waged war against the British many times. So the Britishers made peace treaty with Hyder Ali. After few years, when Warren Hastings became the Governor General of India, Hyder Ali blamed Britishers for going against the treaty and waged war in 1780, by moving his troops via Polur and Vandavasi to caputure Gingee. But he was defeated by the Britsh army.

After 1780 A.D., the southern parts gradually fell into the hands of the British without any opposition. Due to the political changes in Carnatic area, the Britishers made Chennai fort for the transport facilities and the French made Pondicherry as their capital and started to rule Indian territory.

In the beginning, Gingee was the place of the Jains but later due to rule of Pallava, Chola kings, Pandya, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara kings. Muhammadans, Mughals and the indifferent attitude of foreigners, the Gingee fort, which was surrounded by the granite walls, the mandapas, the temples inside the fort, was gradually destroyed. The Britishers did not take any steps to renovate the fort. Today Gingee fort is placed as a memorial in the pages of history and also for the sake of its admirers.